What is the quantum of proof required to file an information?

The correct answer is indeed related to the concept of probable cause. In the context of filing an information, which is a formal criminal charge, the quantum of proof required is probable cause. This standard is generally understood as the level of suspicion that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has occurred and that the individual likely committed it.

Probable cause is a lower standard than both "beyond a reasonable doubt" and "clear and convincing evidence," which are applicable in different legal contexts such as trial and civil cases. "Beyond a reasonable doubt" is the highest standard of proof and is required for a conviction in a criminal trial, ensuring that there is a very high level of certainty regarding the defendant's guilt. "Clear and convincing evidence" is often used in civil cases and refers to a level of proof that results in a firm belief or conviction in the truth of the allegations.

"Preponderance of the evidence" is typically used in civil litigation and means that evidence presented must show that something is more likely than not true, which is a lesser standard than probable cause.

Thus, probable cause serves as the appropriate threshold for initiating formal charges in a criminal justice process, aligning with the legal principles guiding how cases advance from initial investigation to