Which of the following is classified as a crime against the state?

Espionage is classified as a crime against the state because it involves obtaining, delivering, or communicating sensitive information pertaining to national security, often for the benefit of a foreign entity. This type of crime poses a direct threat to a nation’s sovereignty and integrity, representing a fundamental breach of trust against the state itself. The acts of espionage can undermine the state's ability to function effectively, as they may lead to the compromise of military, economic, or political strategies.

In contrast, theft, assault, and burglary are primarily offenses that affect individuals or properties rather than the state as a whole. These crimes are usually categorized under personal or property offenses because they involve direct harm or loss to individuals or their belongings, without necessarily implicating broader national security concerns. Thus, espionage stands out as it explicitly relates to actions taken against the interests and safety of the nation.