What is Vice Pastillas's liability in the murder of Aldub?

The correct answer is that Vice Pastillas is considered a principal by direct participation in the murder of Aldub.

This designation applies because a principal by direct participation is someone who actively engages in the commission of a crime. In this context, if Vice Pastillas directly participated in the act leading to Aldub's murder, whether by inflicting harm, providing the means to commit the crime, or being a substantial part of the execution of the crime, then this classification applies. Such involvement would indicate a clear role in the planned criminal activity, making Vice Pastillas directly responsible for the outcome.

Understanding this classification is important within criminal law, as it determines the level of culpability and potential consequences that can be applied to an individual involved in a crime. This contrasts with the other options, which refer to varying degrees of involvement that do not include direct participation.